Commit b43c061c4d3c5750c9a9a1f7c0d170266ba78556

Authored by Francisco Coelho
1 parent eb584496
Exists in master

rewriting 00_PASP for scholarship project

1 # Probabilistic ILP 1 # Probabilistic ILP
2 2
  3 +**Check** Conformal prediction.
  4 +
3 > Fonte: [Turning 30: New Ideas in Inductive Logic Programming](https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.11002) 5 > Fonte: [Turning 30: New Ideas in Inductive Logic Programming](https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.11002)
4 6
5 ## Introduction 7 ## Introduction
@@ -62,4 +64,4 @@ Recursion; Predicate Invention; Higher order, ASP Hypotheses; Optimality; Prolog @@ -62,4 +64,4 @@ Recursion; Predicate Invention; Higher order, ASP Hypotheses; Optimality; Prolog
62 64
63 ## Applications 65 ## Applications
64 66
65 -### ELearning  
66 \ No newline at end of file 67 \ No newline at end of file
  68 +### ELearning
SCASP-best-practices.pdf 0 → 100644
No preview for this file type
msc/Empty File 0 → 100644
task_01/proposal.md
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
6 6
7 Answer Set Programming (ASP) is a logic programming paradigm based on the Stable Model semantics of Normal Logic Programs (NP) that can be implemented using the latest advances in SAT solving technology. ASP is a truly declarative language that supports language constructs such as disjunction in the head of a clause, choice rules, and hard and weak constraints. 7 Answer Set Programming (ASP) is a logic programming paradigm based on the Stable Model semantics of Normal Logic Programs (NP) that can be implemented using the latest advances in SAT solving technology. ASP is a truly declarative language that supports language constructs such as disjunction in the head of a clause, choice rules, and hard and weak constraints.
8 8
9 -The Distribution Semantics (DS) is a key approach to extend logical representations with probabilistic reasoning. Probabilistic Facts (PF) are the most basic stochastic DS primitive and they take the form of logical facts labelled with a probability $p$; Each probabilistic fact represents a boolean random variable that is true with probability $p$ and false with probability $1 − p$. 9 +The Distribution Semantics (DS) is a key approach to extend logical representations with probabilistic reasoning. Probabilistic Facts (PF) are the most basic stochastic DS primitive and they take the form of logical facts labeled with a probability $p$; Each probabilistic fact represents a boolean random variable that is true with probability $p$ and false with probability $1 − p$.
10 10
11 Crucially, a joint distribution of atoms derived from an ASP specification can be used to _quantitatively measure the performance of that specification_ given data observed from the system it is intended to describe. Then, given competing specifications to describe a certain system, these performance measures can be applied in various optimization techniques in order to obtain one that best describes the target system. 11 Crucially, a joint distribution of atoms derived from an ASP specification can be used to _quantitatively measure the performance of that specification_ given data observed from the system it is intended to describe. Then, given competing specifications to describe a certain system, these performance measures can be applied in various optimization techniques in order to obtain one that best describes the target system.
12 12
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ A team of two **(or three?)** researchers and a graduate student, working over s @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ A team of two **(or three?)** researchers and a graduate student, working over s
36 - The formalization of the methods outlined above including the parameter estimation from observations and the joint distribution extending the probabilities of the stable models. 36 - The formalization of the methods outlined above including the parameter estimation from observations and the joint distribution extending the probabilities of the stable models.
37 - Application and evaluation of this approach to well-known problems, using available software tools, such as 37 - Application and evaluation of this approach to well-known problems, using available software tools, such as
38 - Problems: **Assim, de momento, não me lembro de nenhum!** 38 - Problems: **Assim, de momento, não me lembro de nenhum!**
39 - - Software tools: [`s(casp)`](https://ciao-lang.org/playground/scasp.html), Potassco suit, _etc._ 39 + - Software tools: [`s(casp)`](https://ciao-lang.org/playground/scasp.html), [Potassco suit](https://potassco.org/), _etc._
40 40
41 ## References 41 ## References
42 42
@@ -44,4 +44,4 @@ A team of two **(or three?)** researchers and a graduate student, working over s @@ -44,4 +44,4 @@ A team of two **(or three?)** researchers and a graduate student, working over s
44 2. Andrew Cropper, Sebastijan Dumancic, Richard Evans, Stephen H. Muggleton, Inductive logic programming at 30 (2021) 44 2. Andrew Cropper, Sebastijan Dumancic, Richard Evans, Stephen H. Muggleton, Inductive logic programming at 30 (2021)
45 3. Fabio Gagliardi Cozman, Denis Deratani Mauá, The joy of Probabilistic Answer Set Programming: Semantics - complexity, expressivity, inference (2020) 45 3. Fabio Gagliardi Cozman, Denis Deratani Mauá, The joy of Probabilistic Answer Set Programming: Semantics - complexity, expressivity, inference (2020)
46 4. Fabrizio Riguzzi, Foundations of Probabilistic Logic Programming Languages, Semantics, Inference and Learning. Rivers Publishers (2018) 46 4. Fabrizio Riguzzi, Foundations of Probabilistic Logic Programming Languages, Semantics, Inference and Learning. Rivers Publishers (2018)
47 -6. Martin Gebser, Roland Kaminski, Benjamin Kaufmann, and Torsten Schaub, Answer Set Solving in Practice, Morgan & Claypool Publishers (2013)  
48 \ No newline at end of file 47 \ No newline at end of file
  48 +6. Martin Gebser, Roland Kaminski, Benjamin Kaufmann, and Torsten Schaub, Answer Set Solving in Practice, Morgan & Claypool Publishers (2013)
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text/00_PASP.pdf
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text/00_PASP.snm
1 -\beamer@slide {prop:lucases.a}{4}  
2 -\beamer@slide {prop:lucases.b}{4}  
3 -\beamer@slide {prop:lucases.c}{4}  
4 -\beamer@slide {prop:lucases.d}{4}  
5 \beamer@slide {eq:prob.tc}{5} 1 \beamer@slide {eq:prob.tc}{5}
6 -\beamer@slide {def:w.inconsistent}{9}  
7 -\beamer@slide {eq:prob.sm}{9}  
8 -\beamer@slide {def:w.disj}{9}  
9 -\beamer@slide {def:w.conj}{9}  
10 -\beamer@slide {def:w.empty}{9}  
11 -\beamer@slide {eq:def.prob}{9}  
12 -\beamer@slide {eq:def.prob.event}{9} 2 +\beamer@slide {prop:unique.ext.tcsm}{7}
  3 +\beamer@slide {prop:lucases}{11}
  4 +\beamer@slide {prop:lucases.a}{11}
  5 +\beamer@slide {prop:lucases.b}{11}
  6 +\beamer@slide {prop:lucases.c}{11}
  7 +\beamer@slide {prop:lucases.d}{11}
  8 +\beamer@slide {def:w.inconsistent}{13}
  9 +\beamer@slide {eq:prob.sm}{13}
  10 +\beamer@slide {def:w.disj}{13}
  11 +\beamer@slide {def:w.conj}{13}
  12 +\beamer@slide {def:w.empty}{13}
  13 +\beamer@slide {eq:def.prob}{13}
  14 +\beamer@slide {eq:def.prob.event}{13}
text/00_PASP.synctex.gz
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text/00_PASP.tex
1 \documentclass{beamer} 1 \documentclass{beamer}
2 - 2 +%------------------------------------------
  3 +\usecolortheme{rose}
  4 +%------------------------------------------
  5 +\useinnertheme{circles}
  6 +%------------------------------------------
3 \setbeamertemplate{navigation symbols}{} 7 \setbeamertemplate{navigation symbols}{}
4 -\setbeamertemplate{itemize items}[circle]  
5 -  
6 - 8 +%------------------------------------------
  9 +\AtBeginSection{
  10 + \begin{frame}<beamer>\small
  11 + \tableofcontents[currentsection,subsectionstyle=shaded/shaded/hide]
  12 + \end{frame}
  13 +}
  14 +%------------------------------------------
  15 +\AtBeginSubsection{
  16 + \begin{frame}<beamer>\small
  17 + \tableofcontents[
  18 + currentsection,sectionstyle=shaded/shaded,
  19 + currentsubsection,subsectionstyle=show/shaded/hide]
  20 + \end{frame}
  21 +}
  22 +%------------------------------------------
7 \usepackage[overridenote]{pdfpc} 23 \usepackage[overridenote]{pdfpc}
8 24
9 \usepackage{tikz} 25 \usepackage{tikz}
@@ -28,142 +44,225 @@ @@ -28,142 +44,225 @@
28 \newcommand{\deft}[1]{\textbf{#1}} 44 \newcommand{\deft}[1]{\textbf{#1}}
29 \newcommand{\pset}[1]{\ensuremath{\mathbb{P}\at{#1}}} 45 \newcommand{\pset}[1]{\ensuremath{\mathbb{P}\at{#1}}}
30 \newcommand{\ent}{\ensuremath{\lhd}} 46 \newcommand{\ent}{\ensuremath{\lhd}}
  47 +\newcommand{\cset}[2]{\ensuremath{\set{#1,~#2}}}
31 \newcommand{\langof}[1]{\ensuremath{\fml{L}\at{#1}}} 48 \newcommand{\langof}[1]{\ensuremath{\fml{L}\at{#1}}}
32 \newcommand{\uset}[1]{\ensuremath{\left|{#1}\right>}} 49 \newcommand{\uset}[1]{\ensuremath{\left|{#1}\right>}}
33 \newcommand{\lset}[1]{\ensuremath{\left<{#1}\right|}} 50 \newcommand{\lset}[1]{\ensuremath{\left<{#1}\right|}}
  51 +\newcommand{\pr}[1]{\ensuremath{\mathrm{p}\at{#1}}}
34 % 52 %
35 % Identificação deste documento 53 % Identificação deste documento
36 % 54 %
37 \title{Zugzwang} 55 \title{Zugzwang}
38 -\subtitle{Stochastic Adventures in Inductive Logic Specifications} 56 +\subtitle{Stochastic Adventures in Inductive Logic}
39 \author{Francisco Coelho} 57 \author{Francisco Coelho}
40 \institute[\texttt{fc@uevora.pt}]{ 58 \institute[\texttt{fc@uevora.pt}]{
41 - Departamento de Informática\\  
42 - Universidade de Évora 59 + Departamento de Informática, Universidade de Évora\\
  60 + High Performance Computing Chair\\
  61 + NOVA-LINCS
43 } 62 }
44 63
45 \begin{document} 64 \begin{document}
46 % 65 %
47 \begin{frame}[plain] 66 \begin{frame}[plain]
48 \titlepage 67 \titlepage
49 -\note{The goal of this text is to **explore how ASP specifications with probabilistic facts** can lead to characterizations of the **joint distributions** of the specification's atoms.}  
50 \end{frame} 68 \end{frame}
51 69
52 \section{Introduction} 70 \section{Introduction}
53 71
54 72
55 \begin{frame}{Notation and Assumptions} 73 \begin{frame}{Notation and Assumptions}
56 - \note{We start with **common notations and assumptions**.} 74 + % --------------------------------
57 \begin{itemize} 75 \begin{itemize}
58 - \item The \textbf{complement} of $x$ is $\co{x} = 1 - x$.  
59 - \item A \textbf{probabilistic atomic choice} $\alpha:a$ defines the disjunction $a \lor \neg a$ and assigns probabilities $P\at{a} = \alpha, P\at{\neg a} = \co{\alpha}$.  
60 - \item $\delta a$ denotes the \textbf{disjunction} $a \lor \neg a$ associated to the probabilistic choice $\alpha : a$ and $\delta\! \set{\alpha: a, a \in A} = \set{\delta a, a \in A}$ for any set of atoms $A$.  
61 - \item We adopt the the \textbf{closed world assumption}, where $\naf x \models \neg x$.  
62 - \item And also assume that \textbf{probabilistic choices} and \textbf{subgoals} are iid. 76 + % --------------------------------
  77 + \item $\co{x} = 1 - x$.
  78 + % --------------------------------
  79 + \item \textbf{Probabilistic Atomic Choice (PAC):} $\alpha :: a$ defines $a \lor \neg a$ and probabilities $\pr{a} = \alpha, \pr{\neg a} = \co{\alpha}$.
  80 + % --------------------------------
  81 + \item $\delta a$ denotes $a \lor \neg a$ and $\delta\! \set{\alpha :: a, a \in \fml{A}} = \set{\delta a, a \in \fml{A}}$ for a set of atoms $\fml{A}$.
  82 + % --------------------------------
  83 + \item \textbf{Closed World Assumption:} $\naf x \models \neg x$.
  84 + % --------------------------------
  85 + % \item Probabilistic choices and sub-goals are independent.
  86 + % --------------------------------
63 \end{itemize} 87 \end{itemize}
64 - \note{**Subgoals are IID** means that ???} 88 + % --------------------------------
65 \end{frame} 89 \end{frame}
66 - 90 +% ================================================================
67 \begin{frame}{General Setting} 91 \begin{frame}{General Setting}
68 - \note{Next, we consider the following **general setting**}  
69 - Let $\fml{A}$ be a set of \textbf{atoms}, $\overline{\fml{A}} = \set{\neg a \middle| a \in \fml{A}}$ and $\fml{Z}$ the respective set of \textbf{observations},  
70 - $$\fml{Z} = \set{z = \alpha \cup \beta \middle| \alpha \subseteq \fml{A} \land \beta \subseteq \overline{\fml{A}} }$$ and $\fml{I}$ the set of consistent observations or \textbf{interpretations}, $$\fml{I} = \set{z \in \fml{Z} \middle| \forall a \in \fml{A}~\abs{ \set{a, \neg a} \cap z} \leq 1}.$$ 92 + % --------------------------------
71 \begin{itemize} 93 \begin{itemize}
72 - \item A \textbf{PASP program} is $P = C \land F \land R$ where  
73 -  
74 - \begin{itemize}  
75 - \item $C = C_P = \set{\alpha_i : a_i \middle| i = 1:n}$ is a set of probabilistic atomic choices,  
76 -  
77 - \item $F = F_P$ is a set of (common) facts and  
78 -  
79 - \item $R = R_P$ is a set of (common) rules.  
80 - \end{itemize}  
81 -  
82 - and the sets of atoms, observations and interpretations of program $P$ are denoted $\fml{A}_P, \fml{Z}_P$ and $\fml{I}_P$ 94 + % --------------------------------
  95 + \item \textbf{Atoms} $\fml{A}$,
  96 + $\overline{\fml{A}} = \cset{\neg a}{a \in \fml{A}}$,
  97 + % --------------------------------
  98 + \item \textbf{Observations} $\fml{Z}$:
  99 + $$\fml{Z} = \cset{z = \alpha \cup \beta }{ \alpha \subseteq \fml{A} \land \beta \subseteq \overline{\fml{A}} }$$
  100 + % --------------------------------
  101 + \item \textbf{Interpretations} or \textit{consistent observations} $\fml{I}$ :
  102 + $$\fml{I} = \cset{z \in \fml{Z} }{ \forall a \in \fml{A}~\envert{\set{a,\neg a} \cap z} \leq 1}.$$
  103 + % --------------------------------
  104 + \item \textit{PASP Problem} or \textbf{Specification:} $P = C \land F \land R$ where
  105 + % --------------------------------
  106 + \begin{itemize}
  107 + % --------------------------------
  108 + \item $C = C_P = \cset{\alpha_i :: a_i }{ i \in 1:n \land a_i \in \fml{A}}$ \textit{pacs}.
  109 + % --------------------------------
  110 + \item $F = F_P$ \textit{facts}.
  111 + % --------------------------------
  112 + \item $R = R_P$ \textit{rules}.
  113 + % --------------------------------
  114 + \item $\fml{A}_P, \fml{Z}_P$ and $\fml{I}_P$: \textit{atoms}, \textit{observations} and \textit{interpretations} of $P$.
  115 + \end{itemize}
  116 + % --------------------------------
  117 + \item \textbf{Stable Models} of $P$, $\fml{S} = \fml{S}_P$, are the stable models of $\delta P = \delta C + F + R$.
  118 + % --------------------------------
  119 + \end{itemize}
  120 + % --------------------------------
  121 +\end{frame}
  122 +% ================================================================
  123 +\begin{frame}{Distribution Semantics}
  124 + % --------------------------------
  125 + \begin{itemize}
  126 + % --------------------------------
  127 + \item \textbf{Total Choices:} $\Theta = \Theta_C = \Theta_P$ elements are $\theta = \set{c_1, \ldots, c_n}$ where $c_i$ is $a_i$ or $\neg a_i$.
  128 + % --------------------------------
  129 + %\item For $s\in\fml{S}$ let $\theta_s \subseteq s$ (unique \textit{total choice})
  130 + %\item Define $\fml{S}_\theta = \cset{s \in \fml{S}}{\theta \subset s}$.
  131 + % --------------------------------
83 132
84 - \item The \textbf{stable models} of $P$ are the stable models of $\delta P = \delta C + F + R$ and the respective set is denoted $\fml{S} = \fml{S}_P$. 133 + % --------------------------------
  134 + \item \textbf{Total Choice Probability:}
  135 + \begin{equation}
  136 + \pr{\theta} = \prod_{a_i \in \theta}\alpha_i \prod_{\neg a_i \in \theta}\co{\alpha_i}.\label{eq:prob.tc}
  137 + \end{equation}
  138 + % --------------------------------
85 \end{itemize} 139 \end{itemize}
  140 + % --------------------------------
  141 + \begin{quote}
  142 + This is the \emph{Distribution Semantics} as set by Sato.
  143 + \end{quote}
86 \end{frame} 144 \end{frame}
87 -  
88 -\begin{frame}  
89 - \note{A model x has lower and upper "bounds".} 145 +% ================================================================
  146 +\begin{frame}{Problem Statement}
  147 + % --------------------------------
  148 + \begin{quotation}
  149 + How to extend probability from the total choices to interpretations and observations?
  150 + \end{quotation}
  151 + % --------------------------------
  152 + \begin{itemize}
  153 + % --------------------------------
  154 + \item \textbf{Todo:} Extend probability to \textit{stable models}, \textit{interpretations} and \textit{observations}.
  155 + % --------------------------------
  156 + \end{itemize}
  157 + % --------------------------------
  158 + \begin{quotation}
  159 + \textbf{But} there is a problem extending probability from total choices to stable models.
  160 + \end{quotation}
  161 + % --------------------------------
  162 +\end{frame}
  163 +% ================================================================
  164 +\begin{frame}{The Disjunction Case}
  165 + % --------------------------------
  166 + \begin{exampleblock}{Disjuntion Example}
  167 + The specification
  168 + % --------------------------------
  169 + $$
  170 + \begin{aligned}
  171 + 0.3 :: a &, \cr
  172 + b \lor c &\larr a .
  173 + \end{aligned}
  174 + $$
  175 + % --------------------------------
  176 + has three stable models,
  177 + % --------------------------------
  178 + $$
  179 + \begin{aligned}
  180 + s_1 &= \set{\neg a}, & s_2 &= \set{a, b}, & s_3 &= \set{a, c}.
  181 + \end{aligned}
  182 + $$
  183 + \end{exampleblock}
  184 + % --------------------------------
  185 + \begin{itemize}
  186 + % --------------------------------
  187 + \item\label{prop:unique.ext.tcsm}\textit{Any stable model contains exactly one total choice.~$\blacksquare$}
  188 + % --------------------------------
  189 + \item $\pr{\set{\neg a}} = 0.7$ is straightforward.
  190 + % --------------------------------
  191 + \item But, no \textit{unbiased} choice for $\alpha\in\intcc{0,1}$ in
  192 + $$
  193 + \begin{aligned}
  194 + \pr{\set{a, b}} &= 0.3 \alpha, \cr
  195 + \pr{\set{a, c}} &= 0.3 \co{\alpha}.
  196 + \end{aligned}
  197 + $$
  198 + % --------------------------------
  199 + \end{itemize}
  200 + % --------------------------------
  201 +\end{frame}
  202 +% ================================================================
  203 +\section{Motivation}
  204 +% ================================================================
  205 +\begin{frame}{Specification, Data \& Evaluation}
  206 + % --------------------------------
  207 + Given some procedure to assign probabilities to observations from specifications and:
  208 + % --------------------------------
  209 + \begin{itemize}
  210 + % --------------------------------
  211 + \item $P$, a specification.
  212 + % --------------------------------
  213 + \item $p$, the distribution of observations from above.
  214 + % --------------------------------
  215 + \item $Z$, a dataset of observations.
  216 + % --------------------------------
  217 + \item $e$, the respective empirical distribution.
  218 + % --------------------------------
  219 + \item $D$, some probability divergence, \textit{e.g.} Kullback-Leibler.
  220 + % --------------------------------
  221 + \end{itemize}
  222 + % --------------------------------
  223 + Given a dataset $Z$, $D\at{P} = D\at{e, p}$ is a \textit{performance} measure of $P$ and can be used, \textit{e.g.} fitness, by algorithms searching for optimal specifications of a dataset.
  224 + % --------------------------------
  225 +\end{frame}
  226 +% ================================================================
  227 +\section{Resolution}
  228 +% ================================================================
  229 +\begin{frame}{Bounds of Interpretations}
  230 + % --------------------------------
90 \begin{itemize} 231 \begin{itemize}
91 - \item \textbf{Proposition.} Let $x\in\fml{I}$ be an interpretation. 232 + % --------------------------------
  233 + \item For $x\in\fml{I}$:
  234 + % --------------------------------
92 \begin{itemize} 235 \begin{itemize}
93 - \item[Lower Models] $\lset{x} = \set{s\in \fml{S} \middle| s \subseteq x}$.  
94 -  
95 - \item[Upper Models] $\uset{x} = \set{s\in \fml{S} \middle| x \subseteq s}$. 236 + % --------------------------------
  237 + \item \textbf{Lower Models:} $\lset{x} = \cset{s\in \fml{S} }{ s \subseteq x}$.
  238 + % --------------------------------
  239 + \item \textbf{Upper Models:} $\uset{x} = \cset{s\in \fml{S} }{ x \subseteq s}$.
  240 + % --------------------------------
96 \end{itemize} 241 \end{itemize}
97 - \note{If $a$ is a lower model and $b$ an upper model, since stable models are minimal, must be $a = b = x$.}  
98 -  
99 - \item Exactly one of the following cases takes place: 242 + % --------------------------------
  243 + \item\label{prop:lucases} \textbf{Proposition.} Stable models are \textit{minimal} so \textit{one} of the following cases takes place:
  244 + % --------------------------------
100 \begin{enumerate} 245 \begin{enumerate}
101 - % 246 + % --------------------------------
102 \item\label{prop:lucases.a} $\lset{x} = \set{x} = \uset{x}$ and $x$ is a stable model. 247 \item\label{prop:lucases.a} $\lset{x} = \set{x} = \uset{x}$ and $x$ is a stable model.
103 - % 248 + % --------------------------------
104 \item\label{prop:lucases.b} $\lset{x} \neq \emptyset \land \uset{x} = \emptyset$. 249 \item\label{prop:lucases.b} $\lset{x} \neq \emptyset \land \uset{x} = \emptyset$.
105 - % 250 + % --------------------------------
106 \item\label{prop:lucases.c} $\lset{x} = \emptyset \land \uset{x} \neq \emptyset$. 251 \item\label{prop:lucases.c} $\lset{x} = \emptyset \land \uset{x} \neq \emptyset$.
107 - % 252 + % --------------------------------
108 \item\label{prop:lucases.d} $\lset{x} = \emptyset = \uset{x}$. 253 \item\label{prop:lucases.d} $\lset{x} = \emptyset = \uset{x}$.
  254 + % --------------------------------
109 \end{enumerate} 255 \end{enumerate}
  256 + % --------------------------------
110 \end{itemize} 257 \end{itemize}
  258 + % --------------------------------
111 \end{frame} 259 \end{frame}
112 -  
113 -\begin{frame}  
114 - \note{Total choice are key to define probability of a clause.}  
115 - \begin{itemize}  
116 - \item The probabilistic facts $C$ define a set $\Theta = \Theta_C$ of \textbf{total choices}, with $2^n$ elements, each one a set $\theta = \set{c_1, \ldots, c_n}$ where $c_i$ is either $a_i$ or $\neg a_i$.  
117 -  
118 - \item For each stable model $s\in\fml{S}$ let $\theta_s$ be the unique \textbf{total choice} contained in $s$ and $\fml{S}_\theta \subseteq \fml{S}$ the set of stable models that contains $\theta$.  
119 -  
120 - \item Define  
121 - \begin{equation}  
122 - p\at{\theta} = \prod_{a_i \in \theta}\alpha_i \prod_{\neg a_i \in \theta}\co{\alpha_i}.\label{eq:prob.tc}  
123 - \end{equation}  
124 - \end{itemize}  
125 -\end{frame}  
126 -  
127 -  
128 -\begin{frame}  
129 - \note{Relate stable models with Sato's probabilistic semantics}  
130 - \begin{quotation}  
131 - The problem we address is how to \textbf{assign probabilities to observations} given that a total choice might entail zero or many stable models \emph{i.e.} How to assign probabilities to the stable models of $\fml{S}_\theta$ when $\envert{\fml{S}_\theta} \not= 1$?  
132 - \end{quotation}  
133 -\end{frame}  
134 -  
135 -\begin{frame}  
136 - \note{There are some problems}  
137 -  
138 - As it turns out, it is quite easy to come out with a program from which result no single probability distribution. For example  
139 - $$  
140 - \begin{aligned}  
141 - 0.3:a,& \cr  
142 - b \lor c \larr& a.  
143 - \end{aligned}  
144 - $$  
145 - has three stable models  
146 - $$  
147 - \begin{aligned}  
148 - s_1 &= \set{\neg a} \cr  
149 - s_2 &= \set{a, b} \cr  
150 - s_3 &= \set{a, c}  
151 - \end{aligned}  
152 - $$  
153 - and while $p\at{\set{\neg a}} = 0.7$ is quite natural, we have no further information to support the choice of a singular $\alpha\in\intcc{0,1}$ in the assignment  
154 - $$  
155 - \begin{aligned}  
156 - p\at{\set{a, b}} &= 0.3 \alpha \cr  
157 - p\at{\set{a, c}} &= 0.3 \co{\alpha}  
158 - \end{aligned}  
159 - $$  
160 -\end{frame}  
161 - 260 +% ================================================================
162 \begin{frame} 261 \begin{frame}
163 262
164 - Next we try to formalize the possible configurations of this scenario. Consider the ASP program $P = C \land F \land R$ with total choices $\Theta $ and stable models $\fml{S}$. Let $d : \fml{S} \to \intcc{0,1}$ such that $\sum_{s\in\fml{S}_\theta} d\at{s} = 1$. 263 + Next we try to formalize the possible configurations of this scenario. Consider the ASP program $P = C \land F \land R$ with total choices $\Theta $ and stable models $\fml{S}$. Let $d :: \fml{S} \to \intcc{0,1}$ such that $\sum_{s\in\fml{S}_\theta} d\at{s} = 1$.
165 \end{frame} 264 \end{frame}
166 - 265 +% ================================================================
167 \begin{frame} 266 \begin{frame}
168 267
169 \begin{enumerate} 268 \begin{enumerate}
@@ -176,7 +275,7 @@ @@ -176,7 +275,7 @@
176 % 275 %
177 \item $z$ is an interpretation and $\lset{z} = \set{z} = \uset{x}$. Then $z = s$ is a stable model and \textbf{define} 276 \item $z$ is an interpretation and $\lset{z} = \set{z} = \uset{x}$. Then $z = s$ is a stable model and \textbf{define}
178 \begin{equation} 277 \begin{equation}
179 - w_d\at{z} = w\at{s} = d\at{s} p\at{\theta_s}.\label{eq:prob.sm} 278 + w_d\at{z} = w\at{s} = d\at{s} \pr{\theta_s}.\label{eq:prob.sm}
180 \end{equation} 279 \end{equation}
181 % 280 %
182 \item $z$ is an interpretation and $\lset{z} \neq \emptyset \land \uset{x} = \emptyset$. Then \textbf{define} 281 \item $z$ is an interpretation and $\lset{z} \neq \emptyset \land \uset{x} = \emptyset$. Then \textbf{define}
@@ -197,36 +296,36 @@ @@ -197,36 +296,36 @@
197 % 296 %
198 \item The last point defines a ``weight'' function on the observations that depends not only on the total choices and stable models of a PASP but also on a certain function $d$ that must respect some conditions. To simplify the notation we use the subscript in $w_d$ only when necessary. 297 \item The last point defines a ``weight'' function on the observations that depends not only on the total choices and stable models of a PASP but also on a certain function $d$ that must respect some conditions. To simplify the notation we use the subscript in $w_d$ only when necessary.
199 % 298 %
200 - \item At first, it may seem counter-intuitive that $w\at{\emptyset} = \sum_{s\in\fml{S}} w\at{s}$ is the largest ``weight'' in the lattice. But $\emptyset$, as an interpretation, sets zero restrictions on the ``compatible'' stable models. The ``complement'' of $\bot = \emptyset$ is the \emph{maximal inconsistent} observation $\top = \fml{A} \cup \set{\neg a \middle| a \in \fml{A}}$. 299 + \item At first, it may seem counter-intuitive that $w\at{\emptyset} = \sum_{s\in\fml{S}} w\at{s}$ is the largest ``weight'' in the lattice. But $\emptyset$, as an interpretation, sets zero restrictions on the ``compatible'' stable models. The ``complement'' of $\bot = \emptyset$ is the \emph{maximal inconsistent} observation $\top = \fml{A} \cup \cset{\neg a }{ a \in \fml{A}}$.
201 % 300 %
202 \item \textbf{We haven't yet defined a probability measure.} To do so we must define a set of samples $\Omega$, a set of events $F\subseteq \pset{\Omega}$ and a function $P:F\to\intcc{0,1}$ such that: 301 \item \textbf{We haven't yet defined a probability measure.} To do so we must define a set of samples $\Omega$, a set of events $F\subseteq \pset{\Omega}$ and a function $P:F\to\intcc{0,1}$ such that:
203 \begin{enumerate} 302 \begin{enumerate}
204 - \item $P\at{E} \in \intcc{0, 1}$ for any $E \in F$.  
205 - \item $P\at{\Omega} = 1$.  
206 - \item if $E_1 \cap E_2 = \emptyset$ then $P\at{E_1 \cup E_2} = P\at{E_1} + P\at{E_2}$. 303 + \item $\pr{E} \in \intcc{0, 1}$ for any $E \in F$.
  304 + \item $\pr{\Omega} = 1$.
  305 + \item if $E_1 \cap E_2 = \emptyset$ then $\pr{E_1 \cup E_2} = \pr{E_1} + \pr{E_2}$.
207 \end{enumerate} 306 \end{enumerate}
208 % 307 %
209 \item In the following, assume that the stable models are iid. 308 \item In the following, assume that the stable models are iid.
210 % 309 %
211 \item Let the sample space $\Omega = \fml{Z}$ and the event space $F = \pset{\Omega}$. Define $Z = \sum_{\zeta\in\fml{Z}} w\at{\zeta}$ and 310 \item Let the sample space $\Omega = \fml{Z}$ and the event space $F = \pset{\Omega}$. Define $Z = \sum_{\zeta\in\fml{Z}} w\at{\zeta}$ and
212 \begin{equation} 311 \begin{equation}
213 - P\at{z} = \frac{w\at{z}}{Z}, z \in \Omega \label{eq:def.prob} 312 + \pr{z} = \frac{w\at{z}}{Z}, z \in \Omega \label{eq:def.prob}
214 \end{equation} 313 \end{equation}
215 and 314 and
216 \begin{equation} 315 \begin{equation}
217 - P\at{E} = \sum_{x\in E} P\at{x}, E \subseteq \Omega. \label{eq:def.prob.event} 316 + \pr{E} = \sum_{x\in E} \pr{x}, E \subseteq \Omega. \label{eq:def.prob.event}
218 \end{equation} 317 \end{equation}
219 Now: 318 Now:
220 \begin{enumerate} 319 \begin{enumerate}
221 \item $P(E) \in \intcc{0,1}$ results directly from the definitions of $P$ and $w$. 320 \item $P(E) \in \intcc{0,1}$ results directly from the definitions of $P$ and $w$.
222 - \item $P\at{\Omega} = 1$ also results directly from the definitions. 321 + \item $\pr{\Omega} = 1$ also results directly from the definitions.
223 \item Consider two disjunct events $A, B \subset \Omega \land A \cap B = \emptyset$. Then 322 \item Consider two disjunct events $A, B \subset \Omega \land A \cap B = \emptyset$. Then
224 $$ 323 $$
225 \begin{aligned} 324 \begin{aligned}
226 - P\at{A \cup B} &= \sum_{x \in A \cup B} P\at{x} \cr  
227 - &= \sum_{x \in A} P\at{x} + \sum_{x \in B} P\at{x} - \sum_{x \in A \cap B} P\at{x} \cr  
228 - &= \sum_{x \in A} P\at{x} + \sum_{x \in B} P\at{x} &\text{because}~A\cap B = \emptyset \cr  
229 - &= P\at{A} + P\at{B}. 325 + \pr{A \cup B} &= \sum_{x \in A \cup B} \pr{x} \cr
  326 + &= \sum_{x \in A} \pr{x} + \sum_{x \in B} \pr{x} - \sum_{x \in A \cap B} \pr{x} \cr
  327 + &= \sum_{x \in A} \pr{x} + \sum_{x \in B} \pr{x} &\text{because}~A\cap B = \emptyset \cr
  328 + &= \pr{A} + \pr{B}.
230 \end{aligned} 329 \end{aligned}
231 $$ 330 $$
232 \item So $\del{\Omega = \fml{Z}, F = \pset{\Omega}, P}$ is a probability space. {$\blacksquare$} 331 \item So $\del{\Omega = \fml{Z}, F = \pset{\Omega}, P}$ is a probability space. {$\blacksquare$}
@@ -234,10 +333,11 @@ @@ -234,10 +333,11 @@
234 \end{enumerate} 333 \end{enumerate}
235 334
236 \end{frame} 335 \end{frame}
237 - 336 +% ================================================================
238 \section{Cases \& Examples} 337 \section{Cases \& Examples}
  338 +% ================================================================
239 \subsection{Programs with disjunctive heads} 339 \subsection{Programs with disjunctive heads}
240 - 340 +% ================================================================
241 \begin{frame} 341 \begin{frame}
242 342
243 Consider the program: 343 Consider the program:
@@ -263,10 +363,9 @@ @@ -263,10 +363,9 @@
263 \end{aligned} 363 \end{aligned}
264 $$ 364 $$
265 \end{frame} 365 \end{frame}
266 -  
267 - 366 +% ================================================================
268 \begin{frame} 367 \begin{frame}
269 - Suppose that we add an annotation $\alpha:a$, which entails $\co{\alpha}:\neg a$. This is enough to get $w\at{s_1} = \co{\alpha}$ but, on the absence of further information, no fixed probability can be assigned to either model $s_2, s_3$ except that the respective sum must be $\alpha$. So, expressing our lack of knowledge using a parameter $d \in \intcc{0, 1}$ we get: 368 + Suppose that we add an annotation $\alpha :: a$, which entails $\co{\alpha} :: \neg a$. This is enough to get $w\at{s_1} = \co{\alpha}$ but, on the absence of further information, no fixed probability can be assigned to either model $s_2, s_3$ except that the respective sum must be $\alpha$. So, expressing our lack of knowledge using a parameter $d \in \intcc{0, 1}$ we get:
270 $$ 369 $$
271 \begin{cases} 370 \begin{cases}
272 w\at{s_1 } = &\co{\alpha}\cr 371 w\at{s_1 } = &\co{\alpha}\cr
@@ -275,7 +374,7 @@ @@ -275,7 +374,7 @@
275 \end{cases} 374 \end{cases}
276 $$ 375 $$
277 \end{frame} 376 \end{frame}
278 - 377 +% ================================================================
279 \begin{frame} 378 \begin{frame}
280 379
281 Now consider all the interpretations for this program: 380 Now consider all the interpretations for this program:
@@ -285,11 +384,11 @@ @@ -285,11 +384,11 @@
285 % 384 %
286 \node [draw, circle] (E) at (5.5,0) {$\emptyset$}; 385 \node [draw, circle] (E) at (5.5,0) {$\emptyset$};
287 % 386 %
288 - \node [draw, circle] (a) at (2,2) {$a$};  
289 - \node [draw, circle] (b) at (3,2) {$b$}; 387 + \node [draw, circle] (a) at (3,2) {$a$};
  388 + \node [draw, circle] (b) at (2,2) {$b$};
290 \node [draw, circle] (c) at (4,2) {$c$}; 389 \node [draw, circle] (c) at (4,2) {$c$};
291 - \node [fill=gray!50] (A) at (9,2) {$\co{a}$};  
292 - \node (B) at (8,2) {$\co{b}$}; 390 + \node [fill=gray!50] (A) at (8,2) {$\co{a}$};
  391 + \node (B) at (9,2) {$\co{b}$};
293 \node (C) at (7,2) {$\co{c}$}; 392 \node (C) at (7,2) {$\co{c}$};
294 % 393 %
295 \node [fill=gray!50] (ab) at (0,4) {$ab$}; 394 \node [fill=gray!50] (ab) at (0,4) {$ab$};
@@ -338,7 +437,7 @@ @@ -338,7 +437,7 @@
338 \end{tikzpicture} 437 \end{tikzpicture}
339 \end{center} 438 \end{center}
340 \end{frame} 439 \end{frame}
341 - 440 +% ================================================================
342 \begin{frame} 441 \begin{frame}
343 442
344 In this diagram: 443 In this diagram:
@@ -378,7 +477,7 @@ @@ -378,7 +477,7 @@
378 $$ 477 $$
379 \item Now some statistics are possible. For example we get 478 \item Now some statistics are possible. For example we get
380 $$ 479 $$
381 - P\at{abc \mid \alpha = 0.3} = \frac{0.09 d \left(d - 1\right)}{0.09 d^{2} - 0.69 d - 7.9} 480 + \pr{abc \mid \alpha = 0.3} = \frac{0.09 d \left(d - 1\right)}{0.09 d^{2} - 0.69 d - 7.9}
382 $$. 481 $$.
383 482
384 \item This expression can be plotted for $d\in\intcc{0,1}$ 483 \item This expression can be plotted for $d\in\intcc{0,1}$
@@ -386,10 +485,10 @@ @@ -386,10 +485,10 @@
386 \includegraphics[height=15em]{Pabc_alpha03.pdf} 485 \includegraphics[height=15em]{Pabc_alpha03.pdf}
387 \end{center} 486 \end{center}
388 487
389 - \item If a data set $E$ entails \emph{e.g.} $P\at{abc \mid E} = 0.0015$ we can numerically solve 488 + \item If a data set $E$ entails \emph{e.g.} $\pr{abc \mid E} = 0.0015$ we can numerically solve
390 $$ 489 $$
391 \begin{aligned} 490 \begin{aligned}
392 - P\at{abc \mid \alpha = 0.3} &= P\at{abc \mid E} \cr 491 + \pr{abc \mid \alpha = 0.3} &= \pr{abc \mid E} \cr
393 \iff\cr 492 \iff\cr
394 \frac{0.09 d \del{d - 1}}{0.09 d^{2} - 0.69 d - 7.9} &= 0.0015 493 \frac{0.09 d \del{d - 1}}{0.09 d^{2} - 0.69 d - 7.9} &= 0.0015
395 \end{aligned} 494 \end{aligned}
@@ -397,10 +496,9 @@ @@ -397,10 +496,9 @@
397 which has two solutions, $d \approx 0.15861$ or $d \approx 0.83138$. 496 which has two solutions, $d \approx 0.15861$ or $d \approx 0.83138$.
398 \end{itemize} 497 \end{itemize}
399 \end{frame} 498 \end{frame}
400 - 499 +% ================================================================
401 \subsection{Non-stratified programs} 500 \subsection{Non-stratified programs}
402 -  
403 - 501 +% ================================================================
404 \begin{frame} 502 \begin{frame}
405 The following LP is non-stratified, because has a cycle with negated arcs: 503 The following LP is non-stratified, because has a cycle with negated arcs:
406 $$ 504 $$
@@ -429,13 +527,13 @@ @@ -429,13 +527,13 @@
429 }. 527 }.
430 $$ 528 $$
431 \end{frame} 529 \end{frame}
432 - 530 +% ================================================================
433 \begin{frame} 531 \begin{frame}
434 532
435 - Looking into probabilistic interpretations of the program and/or its models, we define $\alpha = P\at{\Theta = \theta_1}\in\intcc{0, 1}$ and $P\at{\Theta = \theta_2} = \co{\alpha}$. 533 + Looking into probabilistic interpretations of the program and/or its models, we define $\alpha = \pr{\Theta = \theta_1}\in\intcc{0, 1}$ and $\pr{\Theta = \theta_2} = \co{\alpha}$.
436 534
437 - Since $s_1$ is the only stable model that results from $\Theta = \theta_1$, it is natural to extend $P\at{ s_1 } = P\at{\Theta = \theta_1} = \alpha$. However, there is no clear way to assign $P\at{s_2}, P\at{s_3}$ since \emph{both models result from the single total choice} $\Theta = \theta_2$. Clearly,  
438 - $$P\at{s_2 \mid \Theta} + P\at{s_3 \mid \Theta} = 535 + Since $s_1$ is the only stable model that results from $\Theta = \theta_1$, it is natural to extend $\pr{ s_1 } = \pr{\Theta = \theta_1} = \alpha$. However, there is no clear way to assign $\pr{s_2}, \pr{s_3}$ since \emph{both models result from the single total choice} $\Theta = \theta_2$. Clearly,
  536 + $$\pr{s_2 \mid \Theta} + \pr{s_3 \mid \Theta} =
439 \begin{cases} 537 \begin{cases}
440 0 & \text{if}~\Theta = \theta_1\cr 538 0 & \text{if}~\Theta = \theta_1\cr
441 1 & \text{if}~\Theta = \theta_2 539 1 & \text{if}~\Theta = \theta_2
@@ -444,16 +542,15 @@ @@ -444,16 +542,15 @@
444 but further assumptions are not supported \emph{a priori}. So let's \textbf{parameterize} the equation above, 542 but further assumptions are not supported \emph{a priori}. So let's \textbf{parameterize} the equation above,
445 $$ 543 $$
446 \begin{cases} 544 \begin{cases}
447 - P\at{s_2 \mid \Theta = \theta_2} = &\beta \in \intcc{0, 1} \cr  
448 - P\at{s_3 \mid \Theta = \theta_2} = &\co{\beta}, 545 + \pr{s_2 \mid \Theta = \theta_2} = &\beta \in \intcc{0, 1} \cr
  546 + \pr{s_3 \mid \Theta = \theta_2} = &\co{\beta},
449 \end{cases} 547 \end{cases}
450 $$ 548 $$
451 in order to explicit our knowledge, or lack of, with numeric values and relations. 549 in order to explicit our knowledge, or lack of, with numeric values and relations.
452 \end{frame} 550 \end{frame}
453 -  
454 - 551 +% ================================================================
455 \begin{frame} 552 \begin{frame}
456 - Now we are able to define the \textbf{joint distribution} of the boolean random variables $A,B,C$, : 553 + Now we are able to define the \textbf{joint distribution} of the boolean random variables $A,B,C$:
457 554
458 $$ 555 $$
459 \begin{array}{cc|l} 556 \begin{array}{cc|l}
@@ -467,10 +564,9 @@ @@ -467,10 +564,9 @@
467 $$ 564 $$
468 where $\alpha, \beta\in\intcc{0,1}$. 565 where $\alpha, \beta\in\intcc{0,1}$.
469 \end{frame} 566 \end{frame}
470 - 567 +% ================================================================
471 \section{Conclusions} 568 \section{Conclusions}
472 -  
473 - 569 +% ================================================================
474 \begin{frame} 570 \begin{frame}
475 \begin{itemize} 571 \begin{itemize}
476 \item We can use the basics of probability theory and logic programming to assign explicit \emph{parameterized} probabilities to the (stable) models of a program. 572 \item We can use the basics of probability theory and logic programming to assign explicit \emph{parameterized} probabilities to the (stable) models of a program.
@@ -479,10 +575,9 @@ @@ -479,10 +575,9 @@
479 \item However, it is non-restrictive since \emph{no unusual assumptions are made}. 575 \item However, it is non-restrictive since \emph{no unusual assumptions are made}.
480 \end{itemize} 576 \end{itemize}
481 \end{frame} 577 \end{frame}
482 - 578 +% ================================================================
483 \section*{ASP \& related definitions} 579 \section*{ASP \& related definitions}
484 -  
485 - 580 +% ================================================================
486 \begin{frame} 581 \begin{frame}
487 582
488 \begin{itemize} 583 \begin{itemize}
@@ -536,4 +631,5 @@ @@ -536,4 +631,5 @@
536 \end{itemize} 631 \end{itemize}
537 \end{itemize} 632 \end{itemize}
538 \end{frame} 633 \end{frame}
  634 +% ================================================================
539 \end{document} 635 \end{document}
540 \ No newline at end of file 636 \ No newline at end of file
text/00_PASP.toc
1 \beamer@sectionintoc {1}{Introduction}{2}{0}{1} 1 \beamer@sectionintoc {1}{Introduction}{2}{0}{1}
2 -\beamer@sectionintoc {2}{Cases \& Examples}{10}{0}{2}  
3 -\beamer@subsectionintoc {2}{1}{Programs with disjunctive heads}{10}{0}{2}  
4 -\beamer@subsectionintoc {2}{2}{Non-stratified programs}{14}{0}{2}  
5 -\beamer@sectionintoc {3}{Conclusions}{18}{0}{3} 2 +\beamer@sectionintoc {2}{Motivation}{8}{0}{2}
  3 +\beamer@sectionintoc {3}{Resolution}{10}{0}{3}
  4 +\beamer@sectionintoc {4}{Cases \& Examples}{14}{0}{4}
  5 +\beamer@subsectionintoc {4}{1}{Programs with disjunctive heads}{15}{0}{4}
  6 +\beamer@subsectionintoc {4}{2}{Non-stratified programs}{20}{0}{4}
  7 +\beamer@sectionintoc {5}{Conclusions}{25}{0}{5}
text/00_PASP.xdv
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